An elegant little Merganser, Hooded Mergansers are the smallest of the Mergansers in the state. The male's crest may be either raised or flattened, giving the bird a dramatically different look dependent upon crest position. The species declined significantly by the first half of the twentieth century, but as they are cavity nesters that use similar habitats as Wood Ducks, they have significantly benefited from the vast number of Wood Duck boxes erected over the last few decades. They are the smallest of the three merganser species found in the state, with the other two being the Common Merganser and the Red-breasted Merganser.
Habitat
Hooded Mergansers have a definite preference for wooded areas (forested wetlands, swamps, forested river and lake shores), but that may be due to its need for nesting cavities. They will nest in more open habitats if nest boxes are erected.Diet
The Hooded Merganser feeds primarily on small fish, crayfish, aquatic insects, insect larvae, amphibians, and other aquatic animals captured while diving underwater. Unlike many ducks, it relies heavily on animal prey throughout the year and uses its narrow serrated bill to grasp slippery prey.Behavior
The Hooded Merganser is an agile diving duck that spends much of its time underwater pursuing fish and other aquatic prey. It is usually seen alone, in pairs, or in small groups and is known for the male's dramatic courtship displays, which include raising and expanding its large black-and-white crest.
Nesting
May through June in South Dakota. Hooded Mergansers are cavity nesters, nesting in a tree cavity or in the hollow of a tree stump, usually close to water, and primarily within 10 to 30 feet from the ground. Females lay between 5 and 15 eggs, and she alone incubates them. The male abandons the female as soon as she begins incubating eggs. The young hatch after about 30-35 days.
Song
They're not a particularly vocal species, but male Hooded Merganser will give a low growling, rolling call during courtship. Females have a short one-note call during courtship, and also have a multi-note call often heard in flight.
1Click here to hear the grunting/growling sound of a male Hooded Merganser
3Click here to hear the repetitive call notes of a female in flight.
Migration
The Hooded Merganser breeds across much of southern Canada and the northern United States, then migrates to wintering areas in the southeastern United States, Gulf Coast, Atlantic Coast, and portions of the Pacific Coast. Many birds travel only short distances where open water remains available, and migration typically occurs along rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and wooded wetlands.
Interactive eBird Map
Click here to access an interactive eBird map of Hooded Merganser sightings
Similar Species
Males are generally distinctive if they are seen well. From a distance, a male Hooded Merganser may appear similar to a Bufflehead, with much of the body and head black, and a large white area on the back of the head. However, that large white spot on a male Hooded Merganser isn't nearly as obvious when the crest is lowered (as it normally is, unless they're displaying or fighting over a female). Male Hooded Mergansers also have a barred brownish tone on the lower part of the body, while a Bufflehead male is white below. Bill shape is also obviously very different if seen well, with Hooded Mergansers having a thin serrated bill meant for catching small fish and other creatures, while a bufflehead has the more typical bill of a diving duck.
Female Hooded Mergansers could be potentially confused with a female Red-breasted Merganser. Both are brownish overall, but the Hooded Merganser has a shorter bill, a shorter neck, and a warmish tone to the crest that contrasts with more dull brown tones on the rest of the head and body.
Nestboxes
Will utilize Wood Duck nest boxes.
Conservation Status
The Hooded Merganser is generally considered a species of low conservation concern, with populations stable or increasing across much of its range. The species has benefited from forest recovery, nest box programs, and protection of wetland habitats, although loss of mature forests and wetlands can affect local breeding populations. The IUCN considers the Hooded Merganser to be a species of "Least Concern".
Further Information
- eBird - Hooded Merganser
- Audubon Field Guide - Hooded Merganser
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology - All About Birds: Hooded Merganser
Photo Information
March 29th, 2020 -- Lake Thompson, South Dakota -- Terry L. Sohl
Audio File Credits
1Russ Wigh, XC212480. Accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/212480
2Paul Marvin, XC346072. Accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/346072
