The Double-crested Cormorant is the cormorant most likely to be seen inland, and the only cormorant commonly seen in South Dakota. During breeding, two tufts of feathers (the "crests") appear on the head, being black and small in eastern birds, and white and larger on western birds. The feathers are not waterproof, so the Double-crested Cormorant is often seen sitting on a stump or log, wings spread, to dry its feathers.
Habitat
Found in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, including large lakes and reservoirs, small ponds, and rivers in South Dakota.
Diet
Fish, crustaceans, frogs, salamanders, snakes, and occasionally aquatic vegetation.
Behavior
Primarily forages by diving underwater while swimming at the surface, propelling itself with its feet underwater in search of prey.
Nesting
May through August. They nest in colonies, sometimes mixed colonies that include various wading bird species. The nest site is an elevated site above or near water, such as a tree or cliff. They will also sometimes nest directly on the ground on islands, provided the island location provides protection from predators. The nest itself is a platform of sticks, lined with finer vegetative material. The female lays between 2 and 6 eggs, and both parents help to incubate them. When the eggs hatch, both parents help feed the young. The young leave fledge after about 6 weeeks, but typically remain in the care of the parents for another few weeks after fledging.
Song
Double-crested Cormorants aren't a particularly vocal bird, but they do have a grunting sound that's often given in alarm, or in and around nesting colonies.
- Click here to hear the call of a Double-crested Cormorant on a breeding colony in Florida.1
- Click here to hear the grunts of a Double-crested Cormorant perched on a pier.2
Migration
Birds in the interior of the country migrate to the coasts or move southward in winter. Those found in Florida, along the West Coast, and in the Caribbean are permanent residents.
Interactive eBird Map
Click here to access an interactive eBird map of Double-crested Cormorant sightings
Similar Species
In South Dakota, there's only one other cormorant species that has ever been seen, and it's a very rare visitor. There are cormorant species elsewhere in North America as well though that could be confused with Double-crested Cormorant.
- Neotropic Cormorant. These are the only other cormorant species ever found in South Dakota. Size can be difficult to judge when a bird is alone, but when seen side by side, Neotropic Cormorants are noticeably smaller than Double-crested Cormorants, and have a longer tail. They also lack the bare patch in front of the eye found on Double-crested Cormorants. In breeding plumage, Neotropic Cormorants also have a white edging around the orange skin on the face, and wispy white head plumes.
- Great Cormorant. Great Cormorants aren't likely to ever be seen in South Dakota, given their range along the northeastern coastlines of North America, but in that range they could be confused with Double-crested Cormorants. Great Cormorants are considerably larger and "bulkier" looking than Double-crested Cormorants. In breeding plumage, they have white skin around the mouth, and a white patch on the flank not seen on Double-crested Cormorants in any plumage.
- Brandt's Cormorant. Brandt's Cormorant are a West Coast species not likely to ever be seen in South Dakota, but could be confused with Double-crested Cormorants in their range. Adult birds are easily differentiated from Double-crested Cormorants, as adult Brandt's Cormorants have a bright bluish color on the face, as opposed to orange.
- Pelagic Cormorant. Pelagic Cormorants also aren't likely to ever be seen in South Dakota, but could be confused with Double-crested Cormorants in their range on the West Coast of North America. Pelagic Cormorants are smaller and more "dainty" in appearance than a Double-crested Cormorant, with a thinner, less robust bill. Breeding birds also have a white patch on their flank that Double-crested Cormorants lack.
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| Neotropic Cormorant | Great Cormorant | Brandt's Cormorant | Pelagic Cormorant |
South Dakota "Hotspot"
Double-crested Cormorants aren't difficult to find from spring through fall in South Dakota. Poking around larger water bodies during both the spring and fall migration will often result in finding Double-crested Cormorants. During migration they may sometimes be found on surprisingly small ponds and wetlands, as those can be good sources of bullheads, tiger salamanders, and other food items they love to feed on. During the breeding season they are found in breeding colonies of tree areas next to water bodies, or sometimes within water bodies if flooded timber is available for providing nesting sites. Many of these traditional nesting colonies are used year after year.
Status
After a considerable decrease until the early 1970's (probably due to DDT and other pesticides), Double-Crested Cormorants are now increasing both in numbers and range. The IUCN lists the Double-crested Cormorant as a species of "Least Concern". Note the species has recovered so well that they are (wrongly!!!) being considered as a "pest" species in some areas. In the Great Lakes area, for example, there are discussions of culling Double-crested Cormorants, with fisherman claiming a rise in populations is impacting game fish populations.
Photo Information
December 10th, 2012 - Everglades National Park in Florida - Terry L. Sohl
Audio File Credits
- 1Paul Marvin. Recorded in Everglades National Park in Florida on May 26th, 2014. Original recording and information available from xeno-canto.
- 2Paul Marvin. Recorded in Canaveral National Seashore in Brevard County, Florida on August 6th, 2013. Original recording and information available from xeno-canto.
